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Interactions of LTP with biological matter and their potential applications are currently a topic of significant interest. Gas ionization by electrons provides a unique catalytic environment for a variety of chemical reactions at ambient gas temperatures. Often termed the fourth state of matter, plasma is formed when electricity passes through gas (the third state of matter).

The associated field is termed вЂplasma agricultureвЂ™. Over the last decade, it was found that cold plasma may also be beneficial for improving seed germination, disinfection of seeds, protection from bacterial infection, acceleration of plant growth and food processing. The associated field is termed вЂplasma medicineвЂ™. This low-temperature plasma (LTP), also called cold plasma, has found an increasing number of applications in medicine for disinfection and sterilization, dermatology, dentistry, oncology, etc. At the end of the twentieth century, it was found that plasma can also be created in small volumes in atmospheric-pressure air at room temperature. Plasma-aided manufacturing is an enabling technology for micro- and nano-electronics. In the laboratory, plasma is often produced in vacuum chambers at low gas pressure and is widely used for semiconductor fabrication and material processing. The related research was termed вЂelectrocultureвЂ™. During his visits to the Arctic, Karl LemstrГ¶m was surprised how green and healthy the vegetation looked and wondered whether this might be due to the air ions carried through the atmosphere from the aurora borealis. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the observed effects of the aurora borealis on plants and trees have been associated with ions generated by atmospheric electricity near the Earth's surface. On Earth, plasma is generated naturally in lightning and the aurora borealis. Most of the substances in the Universe are in the form of plasma. As our present paper is at the interface of physics and plant biology, we first want to clarify that this work deals with ionized gas plasma, not biological plasma. Instead, electric fields produced in plasma to maintain its quasi-neutrality hold together electrons and ions. In reality, however, there is no вЂfluid mediumвЂ™ that entrains the electrons, ions and neutrals.

Langmuir called this entraining medium plasma because it reminded him of blood plasma. In 1922, Irving Langmuir proposed that the electrons, ions and neutrals in an ionized gas could be considered as corpuscular material entrained in some kind of fluid medium. In physics, plasma denotes a quasi-neutral ionized gas. In geology, plasma is a dark green, translucent variety of quartz. In biology, a plasma membrane denotes a cell membrane that forms an external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole. In medicine, plasma is the colourless fluid which remains after removal of cells from blood, lymph or milk. Plasma is a Greek word which has different meanings in physics, medicine, biology and geology. Understanding plasma control of plant morphing could help design adaptive structures and bioinspired intelligent materials. The trap closing by plasma is thus likely to be associated with the production of hydrogen peroxide by the cold plasma jet in air. Control experiments showed that UV light or neutral gas flow did not induce morphing or closing of the trap. We also found that application of H 2O 2 or HNO 3 aqueous solutions to the midrib induces propagation of action potentials and trap closing similar to plasma effects. The observed effects are attributed to RONS, which are generated by argon and helium plasma jets in atmospheric air. In this paper, we found that the Venus flytrap can be activated by plasma jets without direct contact of plasma with the lobe, midrib or cilia.

We have previously observed that an argon plasma jet in atmospheric air can activate plant movements and morphing structures in the Venus flytrap and Mimosa pudica similar to stimulation of their mechanosensors in vivo. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can influence plant signalling, physiology and development.

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